Aerial Photo Orthomosaics (1979-1989) Associated With Eastern Denali Fault Surface Trace Map, Eastern Alaska and Adjacent Canada

Identification_Information:

Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Adrian M Bender (ORCID: 0000-0001-7469-1957)
Originator: Peter J Haeussler (ORCID: 0000-0002-1503-6247)
Publication_Date: 2017
Title:

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data
Series_Information:

Series_Name:

Eastern Denali Fault Surface Trace Map, Eastern Alaska and Adjacent Canada

Issue_Identification: 1

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Anchorage, Alaska
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center

Other_Citation_Details:

Suggested Citation: Bender, A.M, Haeussler, P.J., 2017, Aerial Photo Orthomosaics (1979-1989) Associated With Eastern Denali Fault Surface Trace Map, Eastern Alaska and Adjacent Canada: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7T151WC

Online_Linkage: https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7T151WC
Larger_Work_Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Peter J Haeussler
Publication_Date: 20071015
Title: Alaska Earthquake Hazards
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Website
Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Anchorage, AK
Publisher: USGS Alaska Science Center

Online_Linkage: https://alaska.usgs.gov/portal/project.php?project_id=33

Description:

Abstract:

This data set provides 13 digital air photo orthomosaics that cover ~90% of the surface trace of the Eastern Denali Fault between the Alaska-Yukon international border and the village of Haines Junction, Yukon, Canada.

Purpose:

The eastern section of the Denali Fault did not rupture during the 2002 Denali Fault earthquake (Mw 7.9), however seismologic, geodetic, and geomorphic evidence along with a paleoseismic record of several past ground-rupturing earthquakes demonstrate the fault is active. Thick vegetation, along with complex glacial landforms, large braided rivers, and fault-parallel bedrock structure (e.g., bedding) obscure the Eastern Denali Fault’s surface expression. Plafker and Clague mapped the fault in Alaska and Yukon respectively, providing the basis for generalized digital maps of the structure. While the generalized fault trace maps provide basic information for seismic hazard models (i.e., approximate fault location, total length), detailed fault trace maps may reveal information about past rupture length and offset, complementing paleoseismic information and informing future field investigations. The 13 photogrammetry-based air photo orthomosaics in this data set cover the ~90% of the active Eastern Denali Fault and facilitate mapping of the fault surface trace at a scale of 1:10,000. The orthomosaics complement other data sets and may inform future investigations by providing an openly accessible digital topography dataset, one of several datasets on which we base our mapped interpretation of the location, length, and continuity of the fault’s surface trace. The derivative digitized fault trace may provide geometric constraints useful for modeling earthquake scenarios and related seismic hazard.

Supplemental_Information:

We provide a supplemental text file (edf_airphoto_tbl.csv, described under Entity and Attribute information) that documents the file name, year of acquisition, and digital source for each legacy air photo used as source material for the orthomosaics.

Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Range_of_Dates/Times:

Beginning_Date: 1979
Ending_Date: 1989

Currentness_Reference: ground condition

Status:

Progress: Complete
Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned

Spatial_Domain:

Bounding_Coordinates:

West_Bounding_Coordinate: -141.009694994
East_Bounding_Coordinate: -137.762161191
North_Bounding_Coordinate: 62.200023972
South_Bounding_Coordinate: 60.752393083

Keywords:

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier
Theme_Keyword: USGS:ASC93

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Theme_Keyword: geology
Theme_Keyword: Eastern Denali Fault
Theme_Keyword: fault trace map

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO
Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: NASA GCMD Earth Science Keywords
Theme_Keyword: Earth Science
Theme_Keyword: Tectonic Landforms
Theme_Keyword: Faults
Theme_Keyword: Tectonic Processes
Theme_Keyword: Land Surface
Theme_Keyword: Topography
Theme_Keyword: Terrain Elevation
Theme_Keyword: Digital Elevation/Terrain Model (DEM)
Theme_Keyword: Geomorphic Landforms/Processes

Place:

Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Geographic Names Information System
Place_Keyword: Alaska
Place_Keyword: Tanana River
Place_Keyword: Alaska Range
Place_Keyword: Yukon
Place_Keyword: White River
Place_Keyword: Kluane Lake
Place_Keyword: Haines Junction

Access_Constraints: None.
Use_Constraints:

It is requested that the authors and the USGS Alaska Science Center be cited for any subsequent publications referenced to this dataset. It is strongly recommended that careful attention be paid to the contents of the open file report and metadata file associated with these data to evaluate data set limitations, restrictions or intended use.

Point_of_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: Mailing and Physical
Address: 4210 University Drive
City: Anchorage
State_or_Province: AK
Postal_Code: 99508
Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 907-786-7000
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ascweb@usgs.gov

Data_Set_Credit:

We thank the NSF EarthScope program for the publicly available Denali Fault lidar dataset used in this map (available by searching www.opentopography.org). Thanks to Geomatics Yukon for providing digitized air photos over the fault in the Yukon. We acquired additional Yukon air photos and the 30 m Yukon DEM from the USGS Earth Explorer online portal (earthexplorer.usgs.gov). The IfSAR data used in this map was acquired by the US Geological Survey in 2010 and is publicly available at ifsar.gina.alaska.edu. Thanks to C. McNeil, E. Thoms, and K. Labay for helpful guidance with the data acquisition, GIS, and photogrammetry aspects of this project. Any use of trade, product or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government.

Native_Data_Set_Environment:

Environment as of Metadata Creation: Microsoft Windows 7 Version 6.1 (Build 7601) Service Pack 1; Esri ArcGIS 10.3.1 (Build 4959) Service Pack N/A (Build N/A)

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Bender, A. M.
Originator: Haeussler, P. J.
Publication_Date: 2017
Title:

Easter Denali Fault surface trace map, eastern Alaska and Yukon, Canada

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: document
Series_Information:

Series_Name: Open File Report
Issue_Identification: 2017-1049

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: On line
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey

Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20171049

Data_Quality_Information:

Attribute_Accuracy:

Attribute_Accuracy_Report:

The air photo orthomosaics have a roughly 30 m horizontal registration uncertainty and no vertical values.

Logical_Consistency_Report:

No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted, but the horizontal positional accuracy of the orthomosaics matches that of the air photo-based DEMs. Visual inspection and comparison of the airphoto-based DEMs with both the Yukon 30 m DEM and source air photo orthomosaics indicates that the air photo-based rasters are registered with ~30 m horizontal accuracy, similar to the reference point uncertainty associated with the 30 m accuracy of the Landsat imagery from which reference points were transcribed in Google Earth (described in "process steps"). We suggest that the orthomosaics are useful for qualitative purposes to a minimum 1:10,000 scale .

Completeness_Report:

Spatial gaps in the orthomosaics results from spatial gaps in airphoto coverage, and can be supplemented using the ArcticDEM (http://pgc.umn.edu/arcticdem), or Google Earth imagery.

Positional_Accuracy:

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report:

The orthomosaics have a roughly 30 m horizontal registration uncertainty.

Lineage:

Source_Information:

Source_Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Geomatics Yukon
Publication_Date: 2015
Title: Yukon Air Photos
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Raster Digital Data (Aerial Imagery)
Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Whitehorse, Yukon
Publisher: Geomatics Yukon

Online_Linkage: https://www.geomaticsyukon.ca/

Type_of_Source_Media: Digital and/or Hardcopy Resources
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Range_of_Dates/Times:

Beginning_Date: 1979
Ending_Date: 1989

Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition

Source_Citation_Abbreviation: GeomaticsYukon
Source_Contribution:

Aerial imagery used to directly interpret and map fault features and to generate structure-from-motion photogrammetric DEMs.

Source_Information:

Source_Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator:

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center

Publication_Date: 2015
Title: Yukon Air Photos
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Raster Digital Data (Aerial Imagery)
Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
Publisher:

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center

Online_Linkage: https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/

Type_of_Source_Media: Digital and/or Hardcopy Resources
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Range_of_Dates/Times:

Beginning_Date: 19780828
Ending_Date: 19800827

Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition

Source_Citation_Abbreviation: EROS
Source_Contribution:

Aerial imagery used to directly interpret and map fault features and to generate structure-from-motion photogrammetric DEMs.

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

PHOTOGRAMMETRY -- We used Agisoft PhotoScan photogrammetry software (version 1.2.3) to generate orthomosaics of digitally scanned legacy air photos over the Eastern Denali Fault in Yukon, CA for use in the ArcGIS environment. Computer hardware system requirements to run ArcGIS and PhotoScan are similar. We used a Dell Precision Tower optimized to run PhotoScan with a Dual Intel Xeon processor, AMD FirePro 8GB video card, 500 GB Serial-ATA hard drive, and 16 GB memory. To generate the air photo-based DEMs, we generally followed the PhotoScan tutorial workflow (available by searching www.agisoft.com), however we modified the workflow with the following specific steps. We acquired TIF format scans (300 dpi minimum) of legacy air photos from the US Geological Survey Earth Explorer web portal (earthexplorer.usgs.gov) and from Geomatics Yukon (geomaticsyukon.ca). We tended to process no more than two flight lines (up to 12 photos) at a time in PhotoScan. Prior to aligning the photos in PhotoScan, we used the “smart scissors” tool to mask out fiduciary stamps and borders on the photos, and constrained the alignment by the masked photos. Because PhotoScan relies on pixel similarity to align photos, masking prevents misalignment of the photos based on the recurring frame location and, unlike cropping the imported photos outside of PhotoScan, masking does not remove useful data from the source photo set. Before optimizing the calibration of the reconstructed camera positions, we georeferenced each set of aligned photos. To georeference each photoset, we identified 10-12 matching features visible in both Google Earth and in at least two photos (e.g., very small closed lakes, intersecting roads, prominent bedrock features). We used PhotoScan to create reference points on the features in the air photos, and applied the Google Earth coordinates and altitude of each feature to the corresponding reference point. We also assigned a nominal 4 m uncertainty to reflect the reference point location accuracy that we estimated visually. We then used Agisoft PhotoScan to generate registered orthomosaics of the air photos. Visual inspection and comparison with the Yukon 30 m DEM and the air photo orthomosaics indicates that the air photo-based rasters are registered within ~30 m horizontal accuracy, similar to the uncertainty associated with Landsat imagery in Google Earth from which we extracted reference points.

Process_Date: 2016

Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:

Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster
Raster_Object_Information:

Raster_Object_Type: Grid Cell
Row_Count: 36294
Column_Count: 39031
Vertical_Count: 1

Spatial_Reference_Information:

Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:

Planar:

Grid_Coordinate_System:

Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator
Universal_Transverse_Mercator:

UTM_Zone_Number: 7
Transverse_Mercator:

Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.9996
Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -141.0
Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.0
False_Easting: 500000.0
False_Northing: 0.0

Planar_Coordinate_Information:

Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column
Coordinate_Representation:

Abscissa_Resolution: 4.33349990845
Ordinate_Resolution: 4.33349990845

Planar_Distance_Units: Meter

Geodetic_Model:

Horizontal_Datum_Name: D_WGS_1984
Ellipsoid_Name: WGS_1984
Semi-major_Axis: 6378137
Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257223563

Entity_and_Attribute_Information:

Detailed_Description:

Entity_Type:

Entity_Type_Label:

Supplemental table 'easternDenaliFault_orthoMosaic_bender_1978_1989_airphoto_tbl.csv'

Entity_Type_Definition:

Supplemental table containing identification and vintage information that describe the legacy air photos used as source data for the orthomosaics in this data set.

Entity_Type_Definition_Source: This dataset/author defined.

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: Orthomosaic
Attribute_Definition:

The number under the heading "Orthomosaic" represents the orthomosaic file name. For example an entry of "1" under "Orthomosaic " represents the orthomosaic contained in the file "1.tif"

Attribute_Definition_Source: This data set/author defined.
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 1
Range_Domain_Maximum: 13

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: File ID
Attribute_Definition:

Entries under "File ID" represent the file name of the individual digital air photo scan as available from the source indicated under the heading "Source".

Attribute_Definition_Source: This dataset/author defined.
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain:

Entries under "File ID" represent the file name of the individual digital air photo scan as available from the source indicated under the heading "Source".

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: Year
Attribute_Definition:

Entries under the heading "Year" represent the year that the air photo was acquired.

Attribute_Definition_Source: This dataset/author defined.
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 1978
Range_Domain_Maximum: 1989

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: Source
Attribute_Definition:

Entries under the heading "Source" are abbreviations of the sources from which we acqured the air photos. Under the heading "Source", EE denotes digital scans available for download via the USGS EROS Earth Explorer portal (https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/, requires account), GY indicates digital scans available by request from Geomatics Yukon (https://www.geomaticsyukon.ca/).

Attribute_Definition_Source: This dataset/author defined.
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain: Values "EE" and "GY" defined under Attribute_Definition.

Distribution_Information:

Distributor:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: Mailing and Physical
Address: 4210 University Drive
City: Anchorage
State_or_Province: AK
Postal_Code: 99508
Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 907-786-7000
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ascweb@usgs.gov

Resource_Description: Authoritative source for the data collection.
Distribution_Liability:

Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty.

Standard_Order_Process:

Digital_Form:

Digital_Transfer_Information:

Format_Name: WinZip
Format_Version_Number: 19.0
Format_Information_Content:

Zip package containing orthomosaics and DEMs in GeoTIFF format; GIS trace linework in KML/CSV and Shapefile formats; metadata in XML and HTML formats.

File_Decompression_Technique: No compression applied
Transfer_Size: 645

Digital_Transfer_Option:

Online_Option:

Computer_Contact_Information:

Network_Address:

Network_Resource_Name: https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7T151WC

Fees: None.

Technical_Prerequisites:

GeoTIFF files require a native geotiff viewer such as ERDAS Viewer to view files.

Aerial Photo Orthomosaics (1979-1989) Associated With Eastern Denali Fault Surface Trace Map, Eastern Alaska and Adjacent Canada

Metadata: