Point Raw Glaciological Data: Ablation Stake, Snow Pit, and Probed Snow Depth Data on USGS Benchmark Glaciers, 1981-2016

Identification_Information:

Citation:

Citation_Information:

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: tabular digital data
Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Anchorage, AK
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center

Other_Citation_Details:

Baker, E. H., McNeil, C. J., Sass, L. C., O'Neel, S. R., 2018, Point Raw Glaciological Data: Ablation Stake, Snow Pit, and Probed Snow Depth Data on USGS Benchmark Glaciers, 1981-2016, U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/F76Q1WHK

Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/F76Q1WHK
Larger_Work_Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Emily H. Baker (ORCID: 0000-0002-0938-3496)
Originator: Christopher J. McNeil (ORCID: 0000-0003-4170-0428)
Originator: Louis C. Sass (ORCID: 0000-0003-4677-029X)
Originator: Shad O'Neel (ORCID: 0000-0002-9185-0144)
Publication_Date: 20180101
Title: USGS Benchmark Glacier Mass Balance and Project Data: 1966-2016
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: tabular digital data
Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Anchorage, AK
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center

Other_Citation_Details:

Baker, E. H., McNeil, C. J., Sass, L. C., O'Neel, S. R., 2018, USGS Benchmark Glacier Mass Balance and Project Data: 1966-2016: U.S. Geological Survey data release,

Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7BG2N8R

Description:

Abstract:

Since the late 1950s, the USGS has maintained a long-term glacier mass-balance program at three North American glaciers. Measurements began on South Cascade Glacier, WA in 1958, expanding to Gulkana and Wolverine glaciers, AK in 1966, and later Sperry Glacier, MT in 2005. Additional measurements have been made on Lemon Creek and Taku glaciers, AK to compliment data collected by the Juneau Icefield Research Program (JIRP; Pelto et al., 2013). Direct field measurements of point glaciological data are combined with weather and geodetic data to derive glacier-wide seasonal and annual surface mass balance solutions of each glacier in conventional and reference surface formats (Cogley et al., 2011). Additional details on the calculation of glacier-wide surface mass balance are described in Van Beusekom et al. (2010).

This dataset contains point raw glaciological field data. Snow pit and snow core data give detailed information on snow density through the measured snow column. Snow depth measurements are collected via snow probe and in some snow pits or snow cores that extend the full depth of the snowpack to the glacier's surface. Ablation stakes allow point measurement of both snow depth and snow melt against the reference of the labeled stake. Draw wires provide additional measurements of snow and ice melt, against the invariant reference of the labeled wire. It is used to calculate point mass balance, or the mass balance at a specified location on the glacier.

Purpose:

This collection of data is used to quantitatively record changes in mass at specified glaciers over the period of record. Although these data were primarily collected for the purpose of mass balance, there are many other potential uses for this data, including ecological assessments, remote sensing validation, or water resource applications. Data are included as available, though the history of the project. Additional older, analog records may be available via digitized scans of field notebooks.

In the USGS Benchmark Glacier program, point raw glaciological data are used to calculate point mass balance for the long-term site at which the data are collected. The resulting point mass balance measurements are then used as an input to calculate glacier-wide mass balance, at both annual and sub-annual timescales.

Supplemental_Information:

Files are named according to the following conventions: pitcore folder: Each pit or pit/core combination measurement is presented as a separate csv. They are named as Glacier_YYYY_MM_DD_TypeOfMeasurement (pit or core or combination)_IndexSiteName.csv

snowdepth folder: All years and sites combined into single file.

stake folder: All stakes that exist at a single index site are combined into a single file. These are named as Glacier_IndexSiteName_raw_stake_data.csv.

These data are used to calculate seasonal glacier-wide mass balances, as released in O'Neel et. al (2016): https://doi.org/10.5066/F7HD7SRF.

Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Range_of_Dates/Times:

Beginning_Date: 1981
Ending_Date: 2016

Currentness_Reference: ground condition

Status:

Progress: Planned
Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: Annually

Spatial_Domain:

Bounding_Coordinates:

West_Bounding_Coordinate: -148.95
East_Bounding_Coordinate: -145.33
North_Bounding_Coordinate: 63.35
South_Bounding_Coordinate: 60.35

Keywords:

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier
Theme_Keyword: USGS:ASC171

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category
Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation
Theme_Keyword: boundaries
Theme_Keyword: climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere
Theme_Keyword: elevation
Theme_Keyword: environment

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Theme_Keyword: geophysics
Theme_Keyword: Glaciology

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: NASA Earth Science Thesaurus
Theme_Keyword: Cryosphere
Theme_Keyword: Glaciers/Ice Sheets
Theme_Keyword: Glaciers
Theme_Keyword: Ablation Zones/Accumulation Zones
Theme_Keyword: Glacier Elevation/Ice Sheet Elevation
Theme_Keyword: Glacier Mass Balance/Ice Sheet Mass Balance

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS CSA Biocomplexity Thesaurus
Theme_Keyword: Glaciology
Theme_Keyword: Geomorphology
Theme_Keyword: Geology
Theme_Keyword: Remote Sensing

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus
Theme_Keyword: glaciology
Theme_Keyword: glaciation
Theme_Keyword: snow and ice cover
Theme_Keyword: precipitation (atmospheric)
Theme_Keyword: field inventory and monitoring

Place:

Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Geographic Names Information System
Place_Keyword: Wolverine Glacier
Place_Keyword: Gulkana Glacier
Place_Keyword: Sperry Glacier
Place_Keyword: South Cascade Glacier
Place_Keyword: Lemon Creek Glacier
Place_Keyword: Juneau Icefield

Access_Constraints: none
Use_Constraints:

It is requested that the authors and the USGS Alaska Science Center be cited for any subsequent publications referencing this dataset. It is strongly recommended that careful attention be paid to the contents of the metadata file associated with these data in order to evaluate dataset limitations, restrictions and recommended uses. When appropriate, please consider co-authorship with the authors of this data.

Point_of_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: Mailing
Address: 4210 University Dr.
City: Anchorage
State_or_Province: AK
Postal_Code: 99508-4626
Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: (907) 786-7000
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (907) 786 - 7020
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ascweb@usgs.gov

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Shad O'Neel (ORCID: 0000-0002-9185-0144)
Originator: Emily H. Baker (ORCID: 0000-0002-0938-3496)
Publication_Date: 20180101
Title: Alaska Benchmark Glacier Mass Balance Website
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: website
Online_Linkage: https://www2.usgs.gov/climate_landuse/clu_rd/glacierstudies/

Data_Quality_Information:

Attribute_Accuracy:

Attribute_Accuracy_Report:

For all input values, uncertainties are poorly constrained, and evaluated primarily on the basis of expert opinion.

Snow accumulation: Primary sources of uncertainty exist from surface roughness, snow density variability, stake deformation and drilling and discrepancies between various types of observations (probe depths, stake length change and snow pit depth). Nominal uncertainty from these sources has been previously estimated to be 0.3 m w.e. (Beedle and others, 2014; Huss and others, 2009).

Snow and ice melt: Primary sources of uncertainty exist from surface roughness, snow density variability, stake deformation and drilling and discrepancies between various types of observations (probe depths, stake length change and snow pit depth). Nominal uncertainty from these sources is estimated at 0.10 m w.e. (Heinrichs and others, 1995).

Logical_Consistency_Report:

Original data entry sheets have been used extensively in calculating glacier-wide mass balance. Data have been QA/QC'd by hand in relation to use for mass balance calculations. A check has been made on volumes, ensuring that given volumes and agree with recorded core length and diameters. Ablation stake measurements have been checked to ensure that length in ice and length out of ice sums to total stake length, ensuring accurate data entry in this parameter. Extensive spot-checking has been completed to confirm that transformation in format from data-entry to release has not introduced errors.

Completeness_Report:

Data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. We include all currently digitized project data; additional information may be available via digital scans of field notebooks. All data recorded in snow pits, at ablation stakes, and probed snow depths as a part of mass balance fieldwork are reported here.

Positional_Accuracy:

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report:

glacier_site_locations.csv: This file gives the locations of glaciological sites on each glacier. Snow pits are located either at or very close to (<10m) this glaciological site location. Ablation stakes flow with the ice in which they are installed; their location is not fixed. For Alaska sites, ablation stakes are installed < 30 m up-glacier of the site location, and flow through the true site in the years following their installation. In Montana, the stake is installed at the true location, and flows down-glacier in subsequent years. Locations of ablation stakes, snow pits, and probed snow depths should be derived by matching the site name in a given type of data with this index site location file. Locations are given in latitude and longitude, in decimal degrees (EPSG code 4326).

Lineage:

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

Snowpits: Samples of snow and ice have been taken with a variety of samplers through the history of the project, as described in the "sampler" column metadata. Sample weight and depth below surface are noted. Weight is measured using a spring scale, and small stuff sack for the sample. Sample depth is taken with a tape measurer in pits, or measured along core, and in coring hole.

Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation:

Ostream, G., and M. Brugman (1991), Glacier Mass-Balance Measurements: A Manual for Field and Office Work, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.

Process_Date: 2017

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

Snowdepth: Snow depth is measured by probing undisturbed snow near an ablation stake, or measured in a snow pit or snow core where ice is reached. Strike of the probe against the ice surface can generally be felt. These depths should be used with some caution, and in conjunction with snow depths measured at ablation stakes, as ice lenses within the snowpack may occasionally be mistaken for the glacier surface. In a pit or snow core, the glacier surface is obvious.

Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation:

Ostream, G., and M. Brugman (1991), Glacier Mass-Balance Measurements: A Manual for Field and Office Work, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.

Process_Date: 2017

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

Ablation Stake Measurements: Metal stakes are installed vertically into the glacier surface at index sites with the use of a steam drill. Stake is labeled with the year in which it is installed, and with marked length increments. Upon subsequent visits to the site, level of snow or ice on the stake is recorded. The absolute value of measurements of stake above surface or below surface are not meaningful. Rather, the change in length above and below surface give either depth of snow accumulation or melt during the interval between measurements. Stakes are labeled with the index site name, and year in which the stake was installed. Stakes are measured for multiple years. They are initially installed up-glacier from the absolute position of the index site, and flow through the site in following years. A single year of measurements at a single index site will comprise measurements from multiple stakes, thereby giving a more representative picture of the mass balance at that site.

Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation:

Ostream, G., and M. Brugman (1991), Glacier Mass-Balance Measurements: A Manual for Field and Office Work, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.

Process_Date: 2017

Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:

Indirect_Spatial_Reference:

Location is referenced indirectly via use of long-term site names. These locations are provided in latitute and longitude via CSV tabular data files, in the form glacier_site_locations.csv. Site names and locations are given per glacier.

Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Point

Spatial_Reference_Information:

Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:

Geographic:

Latitude_Resolution: 0.000001
Longitude_Resolution: 0.000001
Geographic_Coordinate_Units: Decimal degrees

Geodetic_Model:

Horizontal_Datum_Name: World Geodetic System of 1984
Ellipsoid_Name: World Geodetic System of 1984
Semi-major_Axis: 6378137
Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257223563

Entity_and_Attribute_Information:

Detailed_Description:

Entity_Type:

Entity_Type_Label: Glacier_YYYY_MM_DD_Pit_SiteName
Entity_Type_Definition:

pitcore folder: These files give detailed measurements of snow density in snow pits and snow cores, or a combination of the two. Snow cores allow measurement of bulk snow density to a greater depth than the extent of the snow pit. File name contains information on the glacier, date, whether measurements are from a pit, core, or pit/core combination, and index site location. Density samples of snow and ice have been taken with a variety of samplers through the history of the project. Sample weight and depth below surface are noted, and weight is measured using a spring scale and small stuff sack for sample, as described in Cogley et al. (2011). This is in the form glacier_YYYY_MM_DD_PitCore_index_site.csv.

Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Producer defined

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: sample_weight
Attribute_Definition: Weight of snow sample
Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer Defined
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 0
Range_Domain_Maximum: 1620
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: grams
Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 5

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: sample_bottom_depth
Attribute_Definition: Bottom depth of snow sample
Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer Defined
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 0
Range_Domain_Maximum: 1250
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: centimeters
Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: avg_core_length
Attribute_Definition: Average of 3 measurements, on 3 sides of core
Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer Defined
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 0
Range_Domain_Maximum: 90
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: centimeters
Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.5

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: avg_core_diam
Attribute_Definition: Average of 4 measurements, on 4 opposing sides of core
Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer Defined
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 6
Range_Domain_Maximum: 7.6
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: centimeters
Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.2

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: volume
Attribute_Definition:

Volume of sample, from either sampler type or as calculated from core length and diameter measurements, as appropriate. This should be used for calculating density.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer Defined
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 2
Range_Domain_Maximum: 1000
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: cubic centimeters
Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: sampler
Attribute_Definition: Type of density sampler used
Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: wedge
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Snowmetrics 1000 cc wedge
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: Felix
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Felix snow corer (sample length and diameter recorded)
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: Kovacs
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Kovacs snow corer (sample length and diameter recorded)
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: tube
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:

Norwegian tube, used in pit measurements (41.05cm^2 cross section)

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: McCall
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:

Also known as a "Federal Sampler"; calibrated in design to return snow water equivalent depth.

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: Spiri
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Older coring device (45.6 cm^2 cross section).
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: comments
Attribute_Definition: Field notes regarding this sample
Attribute_Definition_Source: User defined
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain: Comments regarding the sample, as recorded in the field.

Detailed_Description:

Entity_Type:

Entity_Type_Label: Glacier_raw_snowdepths_pits_probes
Entity_Type_Definition:

snowdepth folder: These files give point measurements of snow depth, as measured by a variety of listed methods. They complement measurements of snow depth as recorded by the ablation stakes. File name includes glacier and index site name, and follows the convention glacier_IndexSite_raw_stake_data.csv.

Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Producer defined

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: type
Attribute_Definition: Type of measurement used to derive snow depth.
Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: Pit
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Snow depth measured in snow pit. High confidence.
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: Probe
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:

Snow depth measured via snow probe. Occasionally, a hard ice lens within the snowpack may be confused for the surface of the glacier. While much effort is given to avoid this, a few cases may be present.

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: near pit
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:

Probed snow depth near an existing pit; should be examined with the pit-measured depth, with this indicating local variability.

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: probe
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: Stake
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:

Snow depth measured on ablation stake, using known position of previous year's summer surface on stake reference system.

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: depth
Attribute_Definition: Snow depth to the ice or firn surface (seasonal snow)
Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 23
Range_Domain_Maximum: 423
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: cm
Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 5

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: YMD
Attribute_Definition: Date, in format of YYYYMMDD (year, month, day).
Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 20070418
Range_Domain_Maximum: 20170420
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Date
Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: site
Attribute_Definition:

Site at which snow depth was measured. Site locations are available in an associated file within this release.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain: Site labels.

Detailed_Description:

Entity_Type:

Entity_Type_Label: Glacier_Site_raw_stake_data
Entity_Type_Definition:

stake folder: These files give measurements of snow/ ice surface height on ablation stakes. A single index site will likely have readings on multiple ablation stakes in a single year. Files are named according to the convention: glacier_IndexSite_raw_stake_data.csv. Change in snow/ice surface can be calculated by comparing the height of the surface against the reference metric of stake length in glacier between two measurement visits. Further details on ablation stake measurements and calculation types are available in Cogley et al. (2011).

Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Producer defined

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: YMD
Attribute_Definition: Date, in format of Year, Month, Day (YYYYMMDD).
Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 19850110
Range_Domain_Maximum: 20160827
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Date
Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: stake_name
Attribute_Definition:

Name of stake, giving the year a stake was installed, and the index site name at which it is installed. Format is Year-Site (YY-Site).

Stakes are installed up-glacier of the true location, and flow through the site during the year or following year. Stakes are located <30 m from the index site. A stake is measured for as many years as possible. Stakes installed in multiple years often exist at a single site, and are measured.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain:

Stake name (Year installed - Index Site). Year is 2-digit (e.g. 99 for 1999, or 03 for 2003). For example, stake "91-A" is at index site A, installed in 1991.

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: surface_type
Attribute_Definition: Measurement surface
Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain:

Field notes on whether the surface consists of snow or ice. "S" indicates snow, "I" indicates ice. Other notes are present as well. Variable text-entry field.

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: total_stake_length
Attribute_Definition:

Total length of the stake. This can vary through time, as additional length is added, or sections are removed from initial stake.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 0
Range_Domain_Maximum: 12
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters
Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: stake_above_surf
Attribute_Definition:

Length of stake above the surface, which can be either ice or snow, as indicated in the surface_type column. Negative values indicate that the top of the stake is below the surface; it is measured as it is installed.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: -2.91
Range_Domain_Maximum: 9.0

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: stake_below_surf
Attribute_Definition: Length of stake below the surface.
Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.5
Range_Domain_Maximum: 12
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: m
Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: comments
Attribute_Definition:

Comments on the measurement. A dash followed by initials may indicate the author, especially on older measurements.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain: Comments

Detailed_Description:

Entity_Type:

Entity_Type_Label: glacier_site_locations.csv
Entity_Type_Definition:

Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Producer defined

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: site
Attribute_Definition: Name of index site
Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain: Name of index site used through history of the project

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: latitude
Attribute_Definition:

Latitude in decimal degrees. Ablation stakes flow with the ice in which they are installed; their location is not fixed. For Alaska sites, ablation stakes are installed < 30 m up-glacier of the site location (as located with a hand-held GPS unit), and flow through the true site in the years following their installation. In Montana, the stake is installed at the true location, and flows down-glacier in subsequent years. Locations of ablation stakes, snow pits, and probed snow depths should be derived by matching the site name in a given type of data with this index site location file. Locations are given in latitude and longitude, in decimal degrees (EPSG code 4326).

Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 63.259091
Range_Domain_Maximum: 63.294753
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Decimal Degrees

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: longitude
Attribute_Definition:

Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: -145.385044
Range_Domain_Maximum: -145.482731
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Decimal Degrees

Point Raw Glaciological Data: Ablation Stake, Snow Pit, and Probed Snow Depth Data on USGS Benchmark Glaciers, 1981-2016

Metadata: