Stable Isotope Data from Diets and Tissues of Captive Bears Fed Experimental Diets

Metadata:

• Identification_Information
• Data_Quality_Information
• Entity_and_Attribute_Information
• Distribution_Information
• Metadata_Reference_Information

Identification_Information:

Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Rode, K. D.

Publication_Date: 201604

Title:

Stable Isotope Data from Diets and Tissues of Captive Bears Fed Experimental Diets

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: spreadsheet

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Anchorage, AK

Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center

Online_Linkage: http://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F79W0CJ3

Larger_Work_Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Rode, K. D.

Publication_Date: 2016

Title:

Changing Arctic Ecosystems: Effects of declining sea ice on polar bears: Linking changes in nutritional ecology to individual and population-level consequences

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: website

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Anchorage, AK

Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center

Online_Linkage: http://alaska.usgs.gov/portal/project.php?project_id=370

Description:

Abstract:

This dataset contains stable isotope incorporation and discrimination results for several sets of feeding experiments with captive brown and polar bears. Experiments were designed to determine the effects of dietary lipid content and fasting behavior on discrimination in blood, hair, and fat. Data are divided into three components of the study: one to estimate isotopic discrimination with varying dietary lipid content, one to estimate the potential effects of fasting on tissue isotope values, and one to determine incorporation rates of isotopes in various tissues. The experiments were conducted between 2009 and 2013 with captive grizzly bears at Washington State University and captive polar bears at the Oregon and Alaska zoos.

Purpose:

To estimate stable isotope incorporation rates and discrimination in tissues of polar bears and brown bears and the effects of dietary lipid content and fasting behavior.

Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Range_of_Dates/Times:

Beginning_Date: 200910

Ending_Date: 201310

Currentness_Reference: observed

Status:

Progress: Complete

Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned

Keywords:

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier

Theme_Keyword: USGS:ASC50

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None

Theme_Keyword: diet composition

Theme_Keyword: diet estimation

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115

Theme_Keyword: biota

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Biocomplexity Thesaurus

Theme_Keyword: Diets - Nutrition

Theme_Keyword: Diets - Animal Nutrition

Theme_Keyword: Carbon isotopes - Isotopes

Theme_Keyword: Carbon isotopes - Carbon 13

Theme_Keyword: predator-prey

Taxonomy:

Keywords/Taxon:

Taxonomic_Keyword_Thesaurus: None

Taxonomic_Keywords: mammals

Taxonomic_Keywords: carnivores

Taxonomic_Keywords: brown bears

Taxonomic_Keywords: polar bears

Taxonomic_Classification:

Taxon_Rank_Name: Kingdom

Taxon_Rank_Value: Animalia

Taxonomic_Classification:

Taxon_Rank_Name: Phylum

Taxon_Rank_Value: Chordata

Taxonomic_Classification:

Taxon_Rank_Name: Subphylum

Taxon_Rank_Value: Vertebrata

Taxonomic_Classification:

Taxon_Rank_Name: Class

Taxon_Rank_Value: Mammalia

Taxonomic_Classification:

Taxon_Rank_Name: Order

Taxon_Rank_Value: Carnivora

Taxonomic_Classification:

Taxon_Rank_Name: Family

Taxon_Rank_Value: Odobenidae

Taxonomic_Classification:

Taxon_Rank_Name: Genus

Taxon_Rank_Value: Ursus

Taxonomic_Classification:

Taxon_Rank_Name: Species

Taxon_Rank_Value: Ursus maritimus, Phipps, 1774

Applicable_Common_Name: polar bear

Taxonomic_Classification:

Taxon_Rank_Name: Species

Taxon_Rank_Value: Ursus arctos, Linnaeus, 1758

Applicable_Common_Name: grizzly bear, brown bear

Access_Constraints: None

Use_Constraints:

For purposes of publication or dissemination, citations or credit should be given to the author, the U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center. It is strongly recommended that careful attention be paid to the contents of the metadata file associated with these data to evaluate limitations, restrictions or intended use. It is the responsibility of the user to use the data appropriately and consistent with the limitations of the data in general and these data in particular.

Data_Set_Credit: Alaska Zoo, Oregon Zoo

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Rode, K. D.

Publication_Date: 20160418

Title:

Isotope incorporation and the effects of fasting and dietary lipids content on isotopic discrimination in large, carvivorous mammals

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Chicago, IL

Publisher: The University of Chicago Press Journals

Other_Citation_Details: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 0, no. 0

Online_Linkage: http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/686490

---

Data_Quality_Information:

Logical_Consistency_Report: Not applicable.

Completeness_Report: None

Lineage:

Methodology:

Methodology_Type: Lab

Methodology_Description:

Blood was collected in purple-top ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) whole blood tubes and red-top no additive tubes. After collection, blood was centrifuged and plasma, serum, and red blood cells were separated.

Methodology:

Methodology_Type: Lab

Methodology_Description:

Samples of food items comprising experimental diets were collected at least once during each trial and multiple times throughout trials when the source or batch changed. Food and tissue samples were stored frozen and freeze-dried prior to laboratory processing. With the exception of fish oils, food items were freeze dried, ground in a cryogenic grinder, loaded into 10 x 50 mm cellulose thimbles, and lipid-extracted by Soxhlet distillation for 5 hours using a 2:1 chloroform:methanol solvent solution. The solvent and lipid residues were retained and dried in a vacuum oven maintained at ambient temperature. Isotopic discrimination and incorporation estimates were calculated using isotope data for bulk diets that were not lipid-extracted, unless otherwise specified. Food samples were also analyzed for dry matter, gross energy density using bomb calorimetry, crude protein via a TruSpec carbon-nitrogen analyzer (Leco Corporation, St Joseph, MO), and lipid content via ether extract at the WSU Wildlife Habitat and Nutrition Lab.

Methodology:

Methodology_Type: Lab

Methodology_Description:

Hair samples were cleaned using a 2:1 chloroform:methanol solution and allowed to air dry.

Methodology:

Methodology_Type: Lab

Methodology_Description:

Dried blood samples were pulverized using a glass rod, but not lipid-extracted because we hypothesized that the high lipid diets warranted including the lipid portion of samples in discrimination estimates.

Methodology:

Methodology_Type: Lab

Methodology_Description:

Adipose biopsies were transferred to glass vials and solvent extracted using 7 mL of a 2:1 chloroform:methanol solution. After 5 hours, 5 mL of deionized water was added and vials were vortexed for 1 minute. The samples were then centrifuged for 5 minutes and the top layer pipetted off and discarded. The remaining lipid residue was dried overnight in a vacuum oven set at ambient temperature to evaporate off the solvent. This residue was analyzed to determine adipose δ13C values.

Methodology:

Methodology_Type: Lab

Methodology_Description:

δ13C and δ15N values were measured on tissue and diet samples by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Approximately 1 mg of each sample was weighed into 4 x 6 mm tin capsules, crimp sealed, and combusted in an elemental analyzer (Carlo Erba NC2500) interfaced to a mass spectrometer (Micromass Optima) operated in continuous flow mode (Fry et al. 1992). Isotopic data were normalized to internationally accepted scales using the primary standards USGS 40 (-26.24 ‰ and -4.52 ‰ for d13C and d15N, respectively) and USGS 41 (37.76 ‰ and 47.57 ‰ for d13C and d15N, respectively). Instrumental precision and sample reproducibility as assessed by replicate analysis were better than ± 0.2‰ for both d13C and d15N.

Process_Step:

Process_Description: No process steps have been described for this data set

Process_Date: Unknown

---

Entity_and_Attribute_Information:

Detailed_Description:

Entity_Type:

Entity_Type_Label: STABLE_ISOTOPE_INCORPORATION_RATES

Entity_Type_Definition:

Stable isotope incorporation values in various tissues taken at different intervals during a captive feeding trials of three sets of bears: Two adult polar bears, four adult grizzly bears and four cub-of-the-year grizzly bears. The polar bears were fed herring, salmon, capelin, and herring oil. The adult grizzly bears were fed salmon and salmon oil. The grizzly bear cubs were fed dog food and salmon oil. Specific diet information including dietary isotopic values are provided in the discrimination values file and the two dietary isotope files.

Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: bear name

Attribute_Definition: Name of bear at the captive facility.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain: Domain not known

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: species

Attribute_Definition: The species of the bear, either grizzly or polar.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain: Domain not known

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: sex

Attribute_Definition: The gender of the bear, either Male or Female.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain: Domain not known

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: date sampled

Attribute_Definition: The date the sample was collected in format MM/DD/YYYY.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain: Domain not known

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: tissue

Attribute_Definition:

The type of tissue sampled, such as plasma, serum, whole blood, red blood cells (RBC), hair or fat.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain: Domain not known

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: %N

Attribute_Definition: The percentage of nitrogen in the sample.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 11.2

Range_Domain_Maximum: 16.2

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: %C

Attribute_Definition: The percentage of carbon in the sample.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 38.4

Range_Domain_Maximum: 51.8

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: C:N

Attribute_Definition: The ratio of carbon to nitrogen in the sample.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 3.4

Range_Domain_Maximum: 4.8

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: d15N

Attribute_Definition: The ratio of 15N to 14N measured in the sample.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 5.7

Range_Domain_Maximum: 15.9

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: d13C

Attribute_Definition: The ratio of 13C to 12C measured in the sample.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: -22.4

Range_Domain_Maximum: -14.5

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: day of trial

Attribute_Definition:

The number of days a bear had been fed the experimental diet when the sample was taken. "Pretrial" indicates that the sample was taken prior to the bear being fed experimental diet.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 0

Range_Domain_Maximum: 112

Detailed_Description:

Entity_Type:

Entity_Type_Label: DIETARY_PROTEIN_ISOTOPES

Entity_Type_Definition:

Isotope values for dietary items needed to calculate the ratio of 13C to 12C from the protein portion of the diet.

Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: bear name

Attribute_Definition: Name of bear at the captive facility.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain: Domain not known

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: salmon % protein

Attribute_Definition: The percent dry matter protein content of the salmon fed.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 64.08

Range_Domain_Maximum: 68.19

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: herring % protein

Attribute_Definition: The percent dry matter protein content of the herring fed.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 44.84

Range_Domain_Maximum: 51.48

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: capelin % protein

Attribute_Definition: The percent dry matter protein content of the capelin fed.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 71.01

Range_Domain_Maximum: 71.01

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: % salmon

Attribute_Definition: The percentage of the diet composed of salmon.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 15.2

Range_Domain_Maximum: 18.4

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: % herring

Attribute_Definition: The percentage of the diet composed of herring.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 29.2

Range_Domain_Maximum: 39.2

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: % capelin

Attribute_Definition: The percentage of the diet composed of capelin.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 26.3

Range_Domain_Maximum: 26.3

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: total protein

Attribute_Definition: The total kg of protein fed.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 27.31744

Range_Domain_Maximum: 46.25475

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: protein from salmon

Attribute_Definition: The kg of protein from salmon.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 27.12578

Range_Domain_Maximum: 38.10365

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: protein from herring

Attribute_Definition: The kg of protein from herring.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 32.49863

Range_Domain_Maximum: 64.34454

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: protein from capelin

Attribute_Definition: The kg of protein from capelin.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 40.37559

Range_Domain_Maximum: 40.37559

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: salmon 13C protein

Attribute_Definition: The measured ratio of 13C to 12C in salmon protein in the diet.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: -20

Range_Domain_Maximum: -19.3

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: herring13C protein

Attribute_Definition:

The measured ratio of 13C to 12C in herring protein in the diet.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: -17.3

Range_Domain_Maximum: -16.7

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: capelin13C protein

Attribute_Definition:

The measured ratio of 13C to 12C in capelin protein in the diet.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: -19.6

Range_Domain_Maximum: -19.6

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: total 13C protein

Attribute_Definition:

The calculated ratio of 13C to 12C in the protein portion of the diet.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: -18.7712

Range_Domain_Maximum: -17.8766

Detailed_Description:

Entity_Type:

Entity_Type_Label: STABLE_ISOTOPE_DISCRIMINATION_VALUES

Entity_Type_Definition:

Stable isotope discrimination analysis results at different intervals during an experimental feeding trial of polar bears. Results are for six different tissue samples: plasma is blood plasma, RBC is red blood cells, hair is pulled hair, fat is a 6mm fat biopsy taken from the rump, serum is blood serum, and whole blood.

Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: day of trial

Attribute_Definition:

The length of days a bear was fed the experimental diet when the sample was taken.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 41

Range_Domain_Maximum: 104

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: date sampled

Attribute_Definition: The date the sample was taken in format MM/DD/YYYY.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain: Domain not known

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: bear name

Attribute_Definition: Name of bear at the captive facility.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain: Domain not known

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: age class

Attribute_Definition: The age class of the bear, either Adult or Subadult.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain: Domain not known

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: species

Attribute_Definition: The species of the bear, either Grizzly bear or Polar bear.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain: Domain not known

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: year

Attribute_Definition: The year that the sample was taken.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 2012

Range_Domain_Maximum: 2013

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: diet

Attribute_Definition: The general description of the diet fed to a captive bear.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain: Domain not known

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: tissue

Attribute_Definition:

The type of tissue sampled from the bear: Plasma is blood plasma, RBC is red blood cells, hair is pulled hair, fat is a 6mm fat biopsy taken from the rump, serum is blood serum, and whole blood.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain: Domain not known

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: d13C

Attribute_Definition: The total calculated ratio of 13C isotope to 12C in the diet.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: -17.8

Range_Domain_Maximum: -15.27

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: %C

Attribute_Definition: The percentage of carbon in the sample.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 48.7

Range_Domain_Maximum: 51.5

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: d15N

Attribute_Definition: Ratio of 15N isotope to 14N measured in the tissue.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 5.8

Range_Domain_Maximum: 16.3

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: %N

Attribute_Definition: The percentage of nitrogen in the sample.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 14.7

Range_Domain_Maximum: 15.4

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: oil to salmon ratio dry

Attribute_Definition:

Ratio of salmon oil to salmon that was fed in some of the trials. Not all bears were fed a salmon and salmon oil diet. For those not fed that diet this column says “NA” for not applicable. This is the dry ratio of these two dietary components.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.11

Range_Domain_Maximum: 9.38

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: salmon 13C NLE

Attribute_Definition:

The ratio of 13C isotope to 12C measured in the salmon fed to the bears. This sample of salmon was not lipid extracted (i.e., NLE = non-lipid-extracted).

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: -21.64

Range_Domain_Maximum: -21.36

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: salmon 13C LE

Attribute_Definition:

The ratio of 13C isotope to 12C measured in the salmon fed to the bears. This sample of salmon was lipid extracted (i.e., LE = lipid-extracted).

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: -19.6

Range_Domain_Maximum: -19.4

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: oil 13C

Attribute_Definition:

The ratio of 13C isotope to 12C measured in salmon oil fed in some of the trials.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: -26.52

Range_Domain_Maximum: -25.31

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: salmon 15N

Attribute_Definition:

The ratio of 15N isotope to 14N measured in salmon fed in some of the trials.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 11.47

Range_Domain_Maximum: 14.3

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: dog food 13C bulk

Attribute_Definition:

The ratio of 13C isotope to 12C measured in the dog food fed to some bears. This value is for non-lipid extracted dog food.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: -17.6

Range_Domain_Maximum: -17.6

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: dog food 13C LE

Attribute_Definition:

The ratio of 13C isotope to 12C measured in the dog food fed to some bears. This is the value for lipid-extracted dog food.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: -17.8

Range_Domain_Maximum: -17.7

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: dog food 15N

Attribute_Definition:

The ratio of 15N isotope to 14N measured in dog food fed in some of the trials.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 3.7

Range_Domain_Maximum: 3.9

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: % total fat

Attribute_Definition: The total percent fat in the diet on a dry matter basis.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 11

Range_Domain_Maximum: 92

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: % oil

Attribute_Definition:

The percent oil fed in trials in which salmon and salmon oil were the only dietary items.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.1

Range_Domain_Maximum: 39

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: % salmon

Attribute_Definition:

The percent salmon fed in trials in which salmon and salmon oil were the only dietary items.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.1

Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.9

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: diet 13C bulk

Attribute_Definition:

The 13C discrimination between a tissue and the total bulk diet fed.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: -26.03

Range_Domain_Maximum: -17.6

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: diet 13C LE

Attribute_Definition:

The 13C discrimination between a tissue and the total lipid-extracted diet fed.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: -19.6

Range_Domain_Maximum: -17.7

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: diet lipid 13C

Attribute_Definition:

The calculated ratio of 13C to 12C in the lipid portion of the diet.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: -24.0894

Range_Domain_Maximum: -19.7

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: diet 15N

Attribute_Definition: The ratio of 15N isotope to 14N in the total diet fed.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 3.4

Range_Domain_Maximum: 14.3

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: 13C disc bulk

Attribute_Definition:

The 13C discrimination between a tissue and the bulk diet. Neither the tissue nor the diet was lipid-extracted.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: -26.3

Range_Domain_Maximum: 5.87

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: 13C disc LE

Attribute_Definition:

The 13C discrimination between a tissue and the lipid-extracted diet.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: -1.51

Range_Domain_Maximum: 3.5

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: 15N disc

Attribute_Definition: The 15N discrimination between a tissue and the bulk diet.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: -5.7

Range_Domain_Maximum: 4.81

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: 13C disc lipid

Attribute_Definition:

The 13C discrimination between a tissue and the lipid portion of the diet.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.8

Range_Domain_Maximum: 2.4

Detailed_Description:

Entity_Type:

Entity_Type_Label: STABLE_ISOTOPE_FASTING_DATA

Entity_Type_Definition:

Stable isotope results for tissue samples taken at different intervals of fasting during feeding trials with adult grizzly bears and yearling (one-year old) grizzly bears.

Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: bear name

Attribute_Definition: Name of bear at the captive facility.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain: Domain not known

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: species

Attribute_Definition:

The species of the bear, either Grizzly bear or Polar bear. All are Grizzly bear for this fasting data.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain: Domain not known

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: age class

Attribute_Definition:

The age class of the bear, either Adult or Yearling (one-year old).

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain: Domain not known

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: sex

Attribute_Definition: The gender of the bear, either Male or Female.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain: Domain not known

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: days fasting

Attribute_Definition: The number of days a bear had gone without food.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 41

Range_Domain_Maximum: 104

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: date sampled

Attribute_Definition: The date the sample was taken in format MM/DD/YYYY.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain: Domain not known

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: tissue

Attribute_Definition:

The type of tissue sampled, such as plasma, serum, whole blood, red blood cells (RBC) or hair.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain: Domain not known

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: d13C

Attribute_Definition: Ratio of 13C isotope to 12C measured in the tissue.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: -23.3

Range_Domain_Maximum: -16.3

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: d15N

Attribute_Definition: Ratio of 15N isotope to 14N measured in the tissue.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 6.49

Range_Domain_Maximum: 14.7

Detailed_Description:

Entity_Type:

Entity_Type_Label: DIETARY_ISOTOPES_TOTAL_AND_FAT

Entity_Type_Definition:

Isotope values for dietary items needed to calculate the ratio of 15N to 14N and 13C to 12C in the total diet and the ratio of 13C to 12C in the lipid portion of the diet.

Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: bear name

Attribute_Definition: Name of bear(s) at the captive facility.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain: Domain not known

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: species

Attribute_Definition:

The species of the bear, either Grizzly bear or Polar bear. Diet information presented here was fed only to polar bears.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain: Domain not known

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: age class

Attribute_Definition:

The age class of the bear, either Adult or Yearling (one-year old).

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain: Domain not known

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: sex

Attribute_Definition: The gender of the bear, either Male or Female.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain: Domain not known

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: salmon % fat

Attribute_Definition: The percent dry matter fat content of the salmon fed.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 17.55

Range_Domain_Maximum: 32

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: salmon % protein

Attribute_Definition: The percent dry matter protein content of the salmon fed.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 64.08

Range_Domain_Maximum: 68.19

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: herring % fat

Attribute_Definition: The percent dry matter fat content of the herring fed.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 40.87

Range_Domain_Maximum: 46.81

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: herring % protein

Attribute_Definition: The percent dry matter protein content of the herring fed.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 44.84

Range_Domain_Maximum: 51.48

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: capelin % fat

Attribute_Definition: The percent dry matter fat content of the capelin fed.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 13.75

Range_Domain_Maximum: 13.75

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: capelin % protein

Attribute_Definition: The percent dry matter protein content of the capelin fed.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 71.01

Range_Domain_Maximum: 71.01

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: % salmon

Attribute_Definition: The percentage of the diet composed of salmon.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 15.2

Range_Domain_Maximum: 18.4

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: % herring

Attribute_Definition: The percentage of the diet composed of herring.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 29.2

Range_Domain_Maximum: 39.2

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: % capelin

Attribute_Definition: The percentage of the diet composed of capelin.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 26.3

Range_Domain_Maximum: 26.3

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: % salmon oil

Attribute_Definition: The percentage of the diet composed of salmon oil.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 26.1

Range_Domain_Maximum: 26.1

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: % herring oil

Attribute_Definition: The percentage of the diet composed of herring oil.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 44.2

Range_Domain_Maximum: 45.6

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: total fat

Attribute_Definition: The total fat fed in kg.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 44.87949

Range_Domain_Maximum: 68.81352

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: fat from salmon

Attribute_Definition: The total kg of fat contributed by salmon in the diet.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 7.068378

Range_Domain_Maximum: 7.812418

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: fat from herring

Attribute_Definition: The total kg of fat contributed by herring in the diet.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 26.52953

Range_Domain_Maximum: 26.66557

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: fat from oil

Attribute_Definition: The total kg of fat contributed by oil in the diet.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 58.15574

Range_Domain_Maximum: 66.26605

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: fat from capelin

Attribute_Definition: The total kg of fat contributed by capelin in the diet.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 8.05769

Range_Domain_Maximum: 8.05769

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: salmon 15N

Attribute_Definition: The measured ratio of 15N to 14N in salmon in the diet.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 12.7

Range_Domain_Maximum: 12.9

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: salmon 13C protein

Attribute_Definition: The measured ratio of 13C to 12C in salmon protein in the diet.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: -20

Range_Domain_Maximum: -19.3

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: salmon 13C fat

Attribute_Definition: The measured ratio of 13C to 12C in salmon fat in the diet.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: -27.2

Range_Domain_Maximum: -26.5

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: herring 15N

Attribute_Definition: The measured ratio of 15N to 14N in herring in the diet.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 13.7

Range_Domain_Maximum: 13.8

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: herring 13C protein

Attribute_Definition:

The measured ratio of 13C to 12C in herring protein in the diet.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: -17.3

Range_Domain_Maximum: -16.7

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: herring13C fat

Attribute_Definition: The measured ratio of 13C to 12C in herring fat in the diet.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: -24.2

Range_Domain_Maximum: -23.3

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: capelin 15N

Attribute_Definition: The measured ratio of 15N to 14N in capelin in the diet.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 12.7

Range_Domain_Maximum: 12.7

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: capelin protein 13C

Attribute_Definition:

The measured ratio of 13C to 12C in capelin protein in the diet.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: -19.6

Range_Domain_Maximum: -19.6

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: capelin fat13C

Attribute_Definition: The measured ratio of 13C to 12C in capelin fat in the diet.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: -25.2

Range_Domain_Maximum: -25.2

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: salmon oil 13C

Attribute_Definition: The measured ratio of 13C to 12C in salmon oil in the diet.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: -29.1

Range_Domain_Maximum: -29.1

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: herring oil 13C

Attribute_Definition: The measured ratio of 13C to 12C in herring oil in the diet.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: -24.15

Range_Domain_Maximum: -24.15

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: total 13C

Attribute_Definition: The calculated ratio of 13C to 12C in diet.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: -21.4602

Range_Domain_Maximum: -20.9528

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: total dietary15N

Attribute_Definition: The calculated ratio of 15N to 14N in the diet.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 13.18444

Range_Domain_Maximum: 13.42059

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: total 13C lipid

Attribute_Definition:

The calculated ratio of 13C to 12C in lipid portion of the diet.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: -26.8948

Range_Domain_Maximum: -23.7636

---

Distribution_Information:

Distributor:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing and physical

Address: 4210 University Drive

City: Anchorage

State_or_Province: Ak

Postal_Code: 99508

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 907-786-7000

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ascweb@usgs.gov

Resource_Description: Comma-separated values tabular data file.

Distribution_Liability:

Although used by the U.S. Geological Survey, no warranty, expressed or implied, is made by the U.S. government as to the accuracy of the data nor shall the fact of distribution constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in connection therewith. It is strongly recommended that the data described or contained herein be acquired directly from the U. S. Geological Survey and not indirectly through some other sources which may have changed the data in some way. Any use of trade, firm or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. This disclaimer applies both to individual use of the data, and aggregate use with other data. These data files and any derived products are not legal documents and are not intended to be used as such.

Standard_Order_Process:

Digital_Form:

Digital_Transfer_Information:

Format_Name: CSV

Format_Version_Number: None

File_Decompression_Technique: Winzip

Digital_Transfer_Option:

Online_Option:

Computer_Contact_Information:

Network_Address:

Network_Resource_Name: http://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F79W0CJ3

Fees: None

---

Metadata_Reference_Information:

Metadata_Date: 20201125

Metadata_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing and physical

Address: 4210 University Drive

City: Anchorage

State_or_Province: AK

Postal_Code: 99508

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 907-786-7000

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ascweb@usgs.gov

Metadata_Standard_Name:

FGDC Biological Data Profile of the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata

Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001.1-1999

---

Generated by mp version 2.9.33 on Thu Apr 21 12:35:43 2016