Estimates of Iron Mineralization in Select Reaches of Three Alaska Arctic Rivers Derived from Historical Landsat Imagery

Identification_Information:

Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Baughman, Carson A. (ORCID: 0000-0002-9423-9324)
Publication_Date: 20240222
Title:

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: tabular digital data
Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Anchorage, Alaska
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center

Other_Citation_Details:

Suggested Citation: Baughman, C.A., 2024, Estimates of iron mineralization in select reaches of three Alaska arctic rivers derived from historical Landsat imagery: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9TP9TZH

Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9TP9TZH
Larger_Work_Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center
Publication_Date: 2023
Title:

The Rusting of Arctic Rivers: Using orange streams to identify and assess degraded water quality caused by metal mobilization from permafrost soils

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: website
Series_Information:

Series_Name: Alaska Science Portal
Issue_Identification: 458

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Anchorage, Alaska
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center

Other_Citation_Details:

This is a link to the broader USGS Alaska Science Center research project supported by these data. Users will find a description of the research project and links to associated reports, publications, and data products.

Online_Linkage: https://alaska.usgs.gov/portal/project.php?project_id=458

Description:

Abstract:

These data are in three tables each reporting estimated iron mineralization within stream reaches from three arctic rivers in northwestern Alaska on select days between July-August, 1985-2022. The relative magnitude of iron mineralization was measured using a remotely sensed iron index calculated from available Level 2, Collection 2, Tier 1 Landsat Surface Reflectance products derived by the USGS and accessed within Google Earth Engine (https://earthengine.google.com).

Purpose:

These data were collected to provide historical context for recent field observations comprising the Rusting of Arctic Rivers project; a multi-organizational study funded by the USGS Changing Arctic Ecosystem Initiative and USGS-NPS Water Quality Partnership. These data corroborate the perceived onset of color change in streams and rivers and validate that similar water conditions have not occurred in the recent past.

Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Range_of_Dates/Times:

Beginning_Date: 19850701
Ending_Date: 20220831

Currentness_Reference: observed

Status:

Progress: Complete
Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned

Spatial_Domain:

Bounding_Coordinates:

West_Bounding_Coordinate: -162.2021
East_Bounding_Coordinate: -159.4446
North_Bounding_Coordinate: 68.1429
South_Bounding_Coordinate: 67.5338

Keywords:

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier
Theme_Keyword: USGS:ASC601

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category
Theme_Keyword: Environment
Theme_Keyword: InlandWaters

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: NASA GCMD Earth Science Keyword Thesaurus
Theme_Keyword: Terrestrial hydrosphere
Theme_Keyword: Water quality/Water chemistry
Theme_Keyword: Iron
Theme_Keyword: Landsat
Theme_Keyword: Alpine/tundra

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus
Theme_Keyword: Water chemistry
Theme_Keyword: Multispectral imaging

Place:

Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)
Place_Keyword: Alaska
Place_Keyword: Agashashok River
Place_Keyword: Kugururok River
Place_Keyword: Anaktok Creek

Access_Constraints: None
Use_Constraints:

It is requested that the authors and the USGS Alaska Science Center be cited for any subsequent publications that reference this dataset.

Point_of_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: Mailing and Physical
Address: 4210 University Drive
City: Anchorage
State_or_Province: Alaska
Postal_Code: 99508
Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 907-786-7000
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ascweb@usgs.gov

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: O'Donnell, J.A.
Originator: Carey, M.P
Originator: Koch, J.C.
Originator: Baughman, C.
Originator: Hill, K.
Originator: Zimmerman, C.
Originator: Sullivan, P.F.
Originator: Dial, R.
Originator: Lyons, T.
Originator: Cooper, D.J.
Originator: Poulin, B.A.
Publication_Date: 2024
Title:

Rusting of the Arctic: Metal Mobilization from Thawing Permafrost to Aquatic Ecosystems

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
Series_Information:

Series_Name: Communications Earth and Environment
Issue_Identification: .

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: online
Publisher: Ecological Society of America

Other_Citation_Details:

O'Donnell, J.A., Carey, M.P, Koch, J.C., Baughman, C., Hill, K., Zimmerman, C., Sullivan, P.F., Dial, R., Lyons, T., Cooper, D.J., Poulin, B.A., in prep. Rusting of the Arctic: Metal mobilization from thawing permafrost to aquatic ecosystems. Communications Earth and Environment

Online_Linkage: .

Data_Quality_Information:

Attribute_Accuracy:

Attribute_Accuracy_Report:

The accuracy of iron mineralization ratio estimates have not been quantified. Timeseries analysis over presumably invariant control-surfaces including Feniak Lake and the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes, demonstrated insignificant sensor bias and no trend in iron index values over time.

Logical_Consistency_Report: All attribute values fall within expected ranges.
Completeness_Report:

Data are not available for every year due to cloudy conditions or lack of historical Landsat collections.

Positional_Accuracy:

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report:

Landsat data has a 30 meter pixel resolution. Landsat, Collection 2, Tier 1 Surface Reflectance products used in this study has a geometric accuracy of <12-m RMSE.

Lineage:

Source_Information:

Source_Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator:

U.S. Geological Survey Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center

Publication_Date: 2023
Title: Landsat Collection 2 Level-2 Dataset
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data
Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
Publisher:

U.S. Geological Survey Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center

Other_Citation_Details:

Accessed in 2023 through Google Earth Engine.

Tables in this data package include the Landsat Product Identifier for each image analyzed. The Landsat Product Identifier naming convention ([LXSS]_[LLLL]_[PPPRRR]_[YYYYMMDD]_[yyyymmdd]_[CC_TX]) can be parsed to determine query parameters about a respective image and can be accessed from either Google Earth Engine (https://code.earthengine.google.com) or EarthExplorer (the USGS EROS image and data repository; https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov).

[LX]: Landsat Sensor (LT = Thematic Mapper (TM), LE = Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), LC = Operational Land Imager/Thermal Infrared Sensor (OLI/TIRS)) [SS]: Landsat satellite (04-09) [LLLL]: Processing level (L2 = level-2 processing, SP = Surface Reflectance and Surface Temperature) [PPPRRR]: WRS path, WRS row [YYYYMMDD]: Image acquisition date [yyyymmdd]: Image processing date [CC_TX]: Landsat Collection and Tier

Online_Linkage: https://www.usgs.gov/landsat-missions/landsat-collection-2

Type_of_Source_Media: online database
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Range_of_Dates/Times:

Beginning_Date: 1985
Ending_Date: 2022

Source_Currentness_Reference: Image acquisition date

Source_Citation_Abbreviation: EROS_Landsat
Source_Contribution:

Landsat satellite imagery acquired between 1985 and 2022, used to estimate the iron mineralization ratio.

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

Within the Google Earth Engine Code Editor interface, areas of interest (AOIs) within study rivers were manually delimited to correspond with Landsat pixel geometry and observed iron-oxide precipitate/staining. Area of these reaches ranged from 0.5 to 1.0 hectares. The exact spatial boundaries of the polygon AOIs for each river are documented in the Google Earth Engine respective river-specific scripts that accompany this data release (see below).

Process_Date: Unknown

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

From all available Landsat scenes acquired between 1985 and 2022, we filtered and retained only scenes acquired over the AOI, for the month of July or August, and with scene-wide cloud cover <30%. Clouds and cloud shadows were masked from the resultant scenes and a mean "iron index" was calculated from all pixels intersected by the reach. The iron index is based on the ratio of surface reflectance sensed in the red band and blue band. Available daily values were plotted and outlier values were inspected and removed from analysis following manual scene inspection for atmospheric contaminants missed in the masking process (primarily smoke from summer wildfires).

Process_Date: Unknown

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

For scenes acquired by Thematic Mapper (TM) sensors (Landsat 4 and 5) and the Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) sensor (Landsat 7), a simple ratio of [Red/Blue, Band3/Band1] is calculated. For scenes acquired by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) sensor (Landsat 8 and 9), we used the Red and Blue bands (Band4 and Band2 respectively) with a site-specific corrective factor [e.g. (Red/Blue) - 0.5] to bring the OLI-derived iron-oxide index values more in line with the TM and ETM+ sensors. Site-specific corrective factors were calculated by comparing mean annual iron index values derived from ETM+ and OLI sensors for the years (2013-2022) when both sensors were in operation. The average offset was calculated from all available years and applied to individual OLI scenes. For our overall study area, iron index values can range from 0 to +2.5. Assuming the area of interest corresponds with a consistent water surface, values of 0-0.5 can be interpreted as deep clear water, 0.5-1.5 as clear shallow water, and >1.5 as iron oxide stained water.

Process_Date: Unknown

Entity_and_Attribute_Information:

Detailed_Description:

Entity_Type:

Entity_Type_Label: ironMineralization_timeSeries_[river].csv
Entity_Type_Definition:

Tables with estimated iron mineralization ratios from selected rivers and associated Landsat images identifiers. Presented in a Comma Separated Value (CSV) formatted table.

Filenaming convention: [river] is the river name.

Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: LANDSAT_PRODUCT_ID
Attribute_Definition:

Landsat Product Identifier for the images used. The naming convention ([LXSS]_[LLLL]_[PPPRRR]_[YYYYMMDD]_[yyyymmdd]_[CC_TX]) provides details about each image and its processing. It can be parsed to determine the query parameters used to locate the image from USGS EarthExplorer. Additional explanation is provided in the 'Sources' section of this metadata record.

Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain: Landsat Product Identifier for the images used.

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: DATE_ACQUIRED
Attribute_Definition: Date in which the Landsat image was taken.
Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 1985-07-01
Range_Domain_Maximum: 2022-08-31
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Date (YYYY-MM-DD)

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: Fe_Ratio
Attribute_Definition: Estimated magnitude (unitless) of iron mineralization.
Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.819
Range_Domain_Maximum: 2.570
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: unitless
Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.001

Detailed_Description:

Entity_Type:

Entity_Type_Label: [FOLDER] GoogleEarthEngine_scripts
Entity_Type_Definition:

Folder with the Google Earth Engine scripts used to build the iron mineralization time series from historical Landsat imagery.

File naming convention: GEE_Script_[river]_[SS]_TimeSeries_List.txt; where [river] is the river name; [SS] is the Landsat satellite that acquired the image.

Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Author defined

Distribution_Information:

Distributor:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: Mailing and Physical
Address: 4210 University Drive
City: Anchorage
State_or_Province: Alaska
Postal_Code: 99508
Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 907-786-7000
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ascweb@usgs.gov

Resource_Description:

The U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center is the authoritative source and distributor of these data.

Distribution_Liability:

Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes or on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Standard_Order_Process:

Digital_Form:

Digital_Transfer_Information:

Format_Name: CSV
Format_Information_Content:

Data are distributed in a Zip package containing data in CSV format and FGDC metadata in XML and HTML formats.

File_Decompression_Technique:

Compression applied by the 7-Zip utility using the default compression level [5]. The Zip package can be decompressed and unpacked by open source or commercially available unzip tools.

Digital_Transfer_Option:

Online_Option:

Computer_Contact_Information:

Network_Address:

Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9TP9TZH

Fees: None

Estimates of Iron Mineralization in Select Reaches of Three Alaska Arctic Rivers Derived from Historical Landsat Imagery

Metadata: