Rasters of Observed Aufeis Deposits Within Rivers of the 1002 Area Based on Historical Landsat Imagery, 1985-2022

Identification_Information:

Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Baughman, Carson A. (ORCID: 0000-0002-9423-9324)
Publication_Date: 20231218
Title:

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data
Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Anchorage, Alaska
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center

Other_Citation_Details:

Suggested Citation: Baughman, C.A., 2023, Rasters of observed aufeis deposits within rivers of the 1002 Area based on historical Landsat imagery, 1985-2022: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KK98VP

Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KK98VP
Larger_Work_Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center
Publication_Date: 2020
Title:

Quantifying groundwater and aufeis and their contribution to surface water availability and habitat in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: website
Series_Information:

Series_Name: Alaska Science Portal
Issue_Identification: 448

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Anchorage, Alaska
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center

Other_Citation_Details:

This is a link to the broader USGS Alaska Science Center research project supported by these data. Users will find a description of the research project and links to associated reports, publications, and data products.

Online_Linkage: https://alaska.usgs.gov/portal/project.php?project_id=448

Description:

Abstract:

These data comprise 505 unique geospatial raster datasets which describe persistent river ice (aufeis) occurrence within floodplains of select rivers and creeks in the 1002 Area of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in northern Alaska. Each raster is derived from a historical observation made by one of five Landsat satellites. Surface reflectance in the green and shortwave infrared wavelengths are used to classify the aufeis occurrence within individual pixels. Pixel values of "1" correspond to aufeis presence while "0" corresponds to its absence. Rasters are generated from cloud and snow-filtered images captured between May and September for the years 1985-2022.

Purpose:

We classified aufeis features within the 1002 Area located on Alaska's North Slope using the Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) derived from historical observations made by the Landsat satellite campaign (1985 and 2022) to quantify historical aufeis occurrence and seasonal trends.

Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Range_of_Dates/Times:

Beginning_Date: 19850502
Ending_Date: 20220928

Currentness_Reference: observed

Status:

Progress: Complete
Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned

Spatial_Domain:

Bounding_Coordinates:

West_Bounding_Coordinate: -146.5134
East_Bounding_Coordinate: -142.9933
North_Bounding_Coordinate: 70.1050
South_Bounding_Coordinate: 69.6911

Keywords:

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier
Theme_Keyword: USGS:ASC579

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category
Theme_Keyword: Environment
Theme_Keyword: InlandWaters

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: NASA GCMD Earth Science Keyword Thesaurus
Theme_Keyword: River Ice
Theme_Keyword: Aufeis
Theme_Keyword: Ice Extent
Theme_Keyword: Ice Growth/Melt

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus
Theme_Keyword: Remote Sensing
Theme_Keyword: Image collections
Theme_Keyword: Multispectral imaging

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Theme_Keyword: Landsat

Place:

Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)
Place_Keyword: Alaska
Place_Keyword: North Slope
Place_Keyword: Staines River
Place_Keyword: Canning River
Place_Keyword: Tamayariak River
Place_Keyword: Marsh Creek
Place_Keyword: Katakturuk River
Place_Keyword: Sadlerochit River
Place_Keyword: Sadlerochit Spring
Place_Keyword: Hulahula River
Place_Keyword: Okpilak River
Place_Keyword: Jago River
Place_Keyword: Okerokovik River

Place:

Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Protected Areas Database of the United States (PAD-US)
Place_Keyword: Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

Place:

Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Place_Keyword: ANWR
Place_Keyword: 1002 Area

Access_Constraints: None
Use_Constraints:

It is requested that the Suggested Citation for this USGS data release be included in any publications that reference or utilize these data.

Point_of_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: Mailing and Physical
Address: 4210 University Drive
City: Anchorage
State_or_Province: Alaska
Postal_Code: 99508
Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 907-786-7000
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ascweb@usgs.gov

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Koch, J.C.
Originator: Best, H.R.
Originator: Baughman, C.
Originator: Couvillion, C.S.
Originator: Carey, M.P.
Originator: Conaway, J.
Publication_Date: 2024
Title:

A Comparison of Contemporary and Historical Hydrology and Water Quality in the Foothills and Coastal Plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Arctic Slope, Northern Alaska

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication
Series_Information:

Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigation Report
Issue_Identification: 2024–5008

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: online
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey

Other_Citation_Details:

Koch, J.C., Best, H., Baughman, C., Couvillion, C., Carey, M.P., Conaway, J., 2024, A comparison of contemporary and historical hydrology and water quality in the foothills and coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Arctic Slope, northern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5008, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245008

Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245008

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Koch, J.C.
Originator: Connolly, C.T.
Originator: Baughman, C.A.
Originator: Repasch, M.
Originator: Best, H.R.
Originator: Hunt, A.
Publication_Date: Unknown
Title:

The Dominance and Growth of Shallow Groundwater Resources in Continuous Permafrost Environments

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
Series_Information:

Series_Name: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)
Issue_Identification: .

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: online
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Other_Citation_Details:

Koch, J.C., Connolly, C.T., Baughman, C.A., Repasch, M., Best, H.R., Hunt, A., in prep. The dominance and growth of shallow groundwater resources in continuous permafrost environments

Online_Linkage: .

Data_Quality_Information:

Attribute_Accuracy:

Attribute_Accuracy_Report:

Accuracy of Landsat assessments (compared to high resolution estimates) is consistently above 90% for all landsat sensors. We compared our estimates of aufeis presence/absence derived from 30m Landsat scenes with independent estimates based on panchromatic, high resolution commercial satellite platforms with sub-meter spatial resolution on dates where concurrent observations were available for prominent aufeis fields. Classification accuracy is based 500 random equally-stratified sample points distributed about the persistent field.

Logical_Consistency_Report:

All attribute values fall within expected ranges and data were proofed for the presence of duplication and omission. NoData indicate that no data are available for a particular pixel (see Attribute Definitions for details).

Completeness_Report:

Detection of aufeis is limited to the floodplain of select rivers and creeks. Data gaps (aufeis was present at a pixel but is reported as absent) exist within some scenes. Landsat 7 images collected after May 31, 2003, contain linear data gaps associated with the failure of the Scan Line Corrector (SLC).

No scenes were available for the years 1989-1991, 1993, 1996-1998, and 2003, due to data gaps produced by cloudy conditions, lack of historical Landsat collections.

Positional_Accuracy:

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report:

Landsat data has a 30 meter pixel resolution. Landsat Collection 2 U.S. Analysis Ready Data (ARD) used in this study has a geometric accuracy of <12-m RMSE.

Lineage:

Source_Information:

Source_Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: U.S. Geological Survey, EROS Data Center
Publication_Date: 2017
Title: Landsat C2 U.S. Analysis Ready Data (ARD)
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data
Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Sioux Falls, South Dakota
Publisher:

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center

Other_Citation_Details:

Downloaded in 2022 from USGS EarthExplorer https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/

Query parameters: [Data Sets / Landsat / Landsat C2 U.S. Analysis Ready Data (ARD) / Landsat 4-9 C2 U.S. ARD] [Additional Criteria / Tile Identifier / {indentifier}] where {identifier} is the first 35 characters of the filename of each GeoTiff (starting with "L", ending with "_02")

Online_Linkage: https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/

Type_of_Source_Media: online database
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Range_of_Dates/Times:

Beginning_Date: 19850502
Ending_Date: 20220928

Source_Currentness_Reference: observed

Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat C2 ARD
Source_Contribution:

Surface reflectance data from 505 Landsat 4-9 images used in the derivation of historical aufeis estimates.

Source_Information:

Source_Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Dwyer, J.L.
Originator: Roy, D.P.
Originator: Sauer, B.
Originator: Jenkerson, C.B.
Originator: Zhang, H.K.
Originator: Lymburner, L.
Publication_Date: 2018
Title: Analysis Ready Data: Enabling Analysis of the Landsat Archive
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
Series_Information:

Series_Name: Remote Sensing
Issue_Identification: 10(9):1363

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: online
Publisher: MDPI

Other_Citation_Details:

Dwyer, J.L., Roy, D.P., Sauer, B., Jenkerson, C.B., Zhang, H.K., Lymburner, L., 2018. Analysis Ready Data: Enabling Analysis of the Landsat Archive. Remote Sensing 10(9):1363. doi:10.3390/rs10091363

Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10091363

Type_of_Source_Media: publication
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 2018

Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date

Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Dwyer et al. 2018
Source_Contribution:

Describes the Landsat C2 ARD dataset, available for the conterminous United States (CONUS) (1982-present), Alaska (1984-present) and Hawaii (1989-1993 and 1999-present) using Landsat C2 Level-1 data processed into Albers-projected Level-2 Surface Reflectance and Surface Temperature products from the following Landsat sensors: (1) Landsat 8/9 Operational Land Imager 2 (OLI-2)/ Thermal Infrared Sensor 2 (TIRS-2) Tier 1, Tier 2, (2) Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) Tier 1, and (3) Landsat 4-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) Tier 1.

Source_Information:

Source_Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: U.S. Geological Survey, EROS Data Center
Publication_Date: 2018
Title:

Alaska Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IFSAR) Digital Elevation Model

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data
Series_Information:

Series_Name: Digital Elevation: IFSAR Alaska
Issue_Identification: .

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Sioux Falls, South Dakota
Publisher:

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center

Other_Citation_Details:

5-meter resolution IfSAR Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), available from the USGS EarthExplorer https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/

Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9C064CO

Type_of_Source_Media: online database
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 2022

Source_Currentness_Reference: access date

Source_Citation_Abbreviation: IFSAR Alaska
Source_Contribution:

DEMs used to delineate the boundaries of the floodplains of major creeks and rivers within the 1002 area.

Source_Information:

Source_Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: U.S. Geological Survey, EROS Data Center
Publication_Date: 2018
Title: Normalized Difference Snow Index (NSDI)
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data
Series_Information:

Series_Name: Landsat Collection 2 NDSI
Issue_Identification: .

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Sioux Falls, South Dakota
Publisher:

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center

Other_Citation_Details:

Available for online order from the U.S. Geological Survey, EROS Data Center https://espa.cr.usgs.gov/

Online_Linkage:

https://www.usgs.gov/landsat-missions/normalized-difference-snow-index

Type_of_Source_Media: online database
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 2022

Source_Currentness_Reference: access date

Source_Citation_Abbreviation: NSDI
Source_Contribution:

Normalized Difference Snow Index used to classify aufeis features.

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

Landsat scenes relevant to this study were downloaded from the Landsat C2 ARD Surface Reflectance (SR) product hosted by EarthExplorer (https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/). Scenes were restricted to: (1) the Alaska Tile Grid Region (Tile Grid Horizontal = 016 and 017; Tile Grid Vertical =001), (2) the months of May, June, July, August, and September, and (3) scenes with less than 10% cloud cover. Cloud cover > 10% was tolerated for the month of May if the study area was confidently determined to be 100% snow- and ice-covered. For the month of September, snow cover was restricted to <20%.

Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat C2 ARD
Process_Date: Unknown

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

The boundary of floodplains of major creeks and rivers within the 1002 Area were manually digitized in a GIS environment using a combination of imagery and interferometric synthetic aperture radar (IFSAR) digital elevation models (DEM). The floodplain was interpreted as the portion of the landscape on either side of prominent flowlines bounded by the first prominent sloping features derived from the DEM. The AOI was coarsely digitized at the 1:30,000 scale and masked to exclude areas within 30 meters of prominent bluff features (slope > 8°) capable of producing and retaining large snowdrifts.

Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: IFSAR Alaska
Process_Date: Unknown

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

We classified aufeis features using the Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI). An NDSI raster was derived for each scene. The NDSI is an index value that ranges between -1.0 and +1.0 with the magnitude of positive values corresponding to the likelihood of a surface being snow or ice. Using a GIS, pixels within the floodplain AOI were clipped from the NDSI raster and reclassified to binary rasters where a pixel value of "1" represents aufeis and a pixel value of "0" represents all other land surfaces. We determined that a threshold of 0.3 was ideal for classifying surfaces covered in aufeis across the spring and summer season.

Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: NSDI
Process_Date: Unknown

Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:

Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster
Raster_Object_Information:

Raster_Object_Type: Grid Cell
Row_Count: 2134
Column_Count: 4322
Vertical_Count: 1

Spatial_Reference_Information:

Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:

Planar:

Map_Projection:

Map_Projection_Name: Albers Conical Equal Area
Albers_Conical_Equal_Area:

Standard_Parallel: 55.0
Standard_Parallel: 65.0
Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -154.0
Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 50.0
False_Easting: 0.0
False_Northing: 0.0

Planar_Coordinate_Information:

Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column
Coordinate_Representation:

Abscissa_Resolution: 30
Ordinate_Resolution: 30

Planar_Distance_Units: meters

Geodetic_Model:

Horizontal_Datum_Name: World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84)
Ellipsoid_Name: World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84)
Semi-major_Axis: 6378137
Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257223563

Entity_and_Attribute_Information:

Detailed_Description:

Entity_Type:

Entity_Type_Label: [Landsat C2 ARD Tile Identifier]_SR_NDSIaufeis_1002.tif
Entity_Type_Definition:

505 unique geospatial raster datasets. Each raster corresponds to a historical observation date by one of five Landsat satellites over the 1002 Area in northern Alaska. Surface reflectance in the green and shortwave infrared wavelengths has been used to calculate a spectral index which is then interpreted as representing the presence or absence of persistent river ice (aufeis). Pixel values of "1" correspond to aufeis presence while pixel values of "0" correspond to absence within floodplains of select rivers and creeks. While the entire dataset spans the whole of the 1002 Area, individual scenes cover only a portion of the 1002 Area - either portions of the western half or the eastern half. The entire 1002 Area is never entirely observed on a single date. Attributes of the scenes are preserved in the raster filename. Presented in GeoTiff format.

[Landsat C2 ARD Tile Identifier] attribute information (EXAMPLE: "LT05_AK_017001_20080517_20210430_02_SR_NDSIaufeis_1002.tif") LT05 = Scene acquired by Landsat 5 (value may also = LT04, LE07, LC08, or LC09) AK = Scene comes from the Alaska ARD Tile Grid Region 017001 = scene is from the ARD Tile Grid Horizontal "017" and Tile Grid Vertical "001" (value may also = 016001) 20080517 = Date when the scene was acquired (YYYYMMDD) 20210430 = Date when the scene was processed into the ARD dataset (YYYYMMDD) 02 = Landsat ARD collection SR = Level 2 product type, in this case Surface Reflectance (SR)

Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: OID
Attribute_Definition:

Object ID (OID) field is maintained by ArcGIS and guarantees a unique ID for each row in the table.

Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI defined
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Unrepresentable_Domain:

Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated.

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: Value
Attribute_Definition: Unique numeric values contained in each raster cell.
Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: NoData
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:

Pixels are automatically asigned a value of NoData within ArcGIS where rasters are missing data.

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Software defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: 3
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:

The numerical value "3" was arbitrarily assigned to the NoData value during raster processing.

Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: 0
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Aufeis is absent at this pixel on the date of observation
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute_Domain_Values:

Enumerated_Domain:

Enumerated_Domain_Value: 1
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Aufeis is present at this pixel on the date of observation
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Author defined

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: Count
Attribute_Definition: Number of raster cells with this value.
Attribute_Definition_Source: Author defined
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 0
Range_Domain_Maximum: 278895

Distribution_Information:

Distributor:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: Mailing and Physical
Address: 4210 University Drive
City: Anchorage
State_or_Province: Alaska
Postal_Code: 99508
Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 907-786-7000
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ascweb@usgs.gov

Resource_Description:

The U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center is the authoritative source and distributor of these data.

Distribution_Liability:

Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes or on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Standard_Order_Process:

Digital_Form:

Digital_Transfer_Information:

Format_Name: TIF
Format_Information_Content:

Data are distributed in a Zip package containing raster data in GeoTiff format and FGDC metadata in XML and HTML formats.

File_Decompression_Technique:

Compression applied by the 7-Zip utility using the default compression level [5]. The Zip package can be decompressed and unpacked by open source or commercially available unzip tools.

Digital_Transfer_Option:

Online_Option:

Computer_Contact_Information:

Network_Address:

Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KK98VP

Fees: None

Rasters of Observed Aufeis Deposits Within Rivers of the 1002 Area Based on Historical Landsat Imagery, 1985-2022

Metadata: