For microsatellite loci, reported allele sizes were reviewed to confirm that they conform to expected distributions (e.g. dinucleotide repeats with 1 base pair differences were reviewed on gel images with laboratory personnel, gaps in allele sizes were reviewed, and single occurrences of an allele size were scrutinized).
Allele scores reported for 10 microsatellite loci (Gg10-1, Gg25, Gg37-2, Gg42-1, Gg192-1, Gg443, Gg452, Gg454, Gg465, and Gg471) were size-matched after inter-lab calibration with shared individuals to those reported by Dalerum et al 2007 to allow comparisons to those samples. Thus, results reported here at those 10 loci, may have significant size differences due to this calibration to a pre-existing data set. The other 10 microsatellite loci (Gg473, Gg-3-1, Gg-4, Gg-7-1, Ggu_216-1, Lut604, Ma-3-1, Mvis075, Tt-1, and Tt-4) were sized by product size relative to an M13 DNA sequence ladder.
Blank cells indicates data were not collected or were not provided with the sample for a particular attribute.
Methodology:
Methodology_Type: Field
Methodology_Description:
Wolverine specimens were tissues of commercial trapper harvests archived at either the University of Alaska Museum of the North or the Museum of Southwestern Biology at the University of New Mexico.
Methodology:
Methodology_Type: Lab
Methodology_Description:
DNA was isolated using a salt extraction method (Fleming and Cook 2002) modified from Miller et al 1988. Eight of 20 microsatellite loci primer pairs had one or both primers redesigned [Gg10-1, Gg37-1, Gg42-1, and Gg192-1 (Walker et al 2001)], [Ggu_216-1 (Duffy et al 1998)], and [Gg-3-1, Gg-7-1, and Ma-3-1 (Davis and Strobeck 1998)] to improve product and/or modify size of product to be included in multiplex PCRs. With the exception of locus Gg25, multiple loci were combined into 7 muliplex reactions considering locus size and fluorescent label options that allowed concurrent visualization in the electrophoresis step. The final 8 pcr reactions were: 1. (Gg-3-1, Gg-4, Gg454), 2. (Gg-7-1, Gg42-1, Gg465), 3. (Gg10-1, Lut604), 4. Gg25, 5. (Gg37-2, Ma-3-1), 6. (Gg192-1, Gg443, Tt-1), 7. (Gg452, Mvis075, Ggu_216-1), and 8. (Gg471, Gg473, Tt-4) with reactions and thermocycler parameters provided in Krejsa et al 2021. Flourescently-labelled PCR products were visualized on 25 cm, 48-well, 6% acrylamide gels using a LI-COR 4200 LR or a LI-COR IR^2 DNA Analyzer (LI-COR, Lincoln, NE). Genetic determination of sex followed Krejsa 2017 by visualizing a zinc-finger fragment known to be of distinct sizes on the X (both sexes) and Y (males only) chromosomes of wolverine. This reaction uses one primer from Cathey et al 1998 and the wolverine specific primer from Krejsa 2017. This primer pair amplifies an approximately 203 base pair product on the X chromosome in both sexes and differentiates males, when a second 5 base pair smaller Y chromosome fragment is amplified. These fragments were resolved on an 18 cm, 48-well,6% acrylamide gel using a LI-COR 4200 LR or a LI-COR IR^2 DNA Analyzer (LI-COR, Lincoln, NE). Sex was assigned based on the absence (female: 203/203) or presence (male: 198/203) of the band for the Y-chromosome. The primer sequences for used are provided in the table "wolverine_geneticPrimers_northAmerica_talbot.csv" included with this data package.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Walker, C.W.
Originator: Vilà, C.
Originator: Landa, A.
Originator: Lindén, M.
Originator: Ellegren, H.
Publication_Date: 2001
Title:
Genetic variation and population structure in Scandinavian wolverine (Gulo gulo) populations
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Molecular Ecology
Issue_Identification: 10(1):53-63
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: online
Publisher: Wiley
Other_Citation_Details:
Walker, C.W., Vilà,C., Landa, A., Lindén, M., Ellegren, H. 2001. Genetic variation and population structure in Scandinavian wolverine (Gulo gulo) populations. Molecular Ecology 10(1):53–63. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2001.01184.x
Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2001.01184.x
Type_of_Source_Media: publication
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 2001
Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Walker et al 2001
Source_Contribution:
Original source of microsatellite markers Gg10-1, Gg25, Gg37-1, Gg42-1, Gg192-1, Gg443, Gg452, Gg454, Gg465, Gg471, Gg473. Loci Gg10-1, Gg37-1, Gg42-1, and Gg192-1 primers were redesigned to reduce overall product size, improve product, and/or for integration into a multi-plex product for this release.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Davis, C.S.
Originator: Strobeck, C.
Publication_Date: 1998
Title:
Isolation, variability, and cross-species amplification of polymorphic microsatellite loci in the family Mustelidae
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Molecular Ecology
Issue_Identification: 7(12):1776-1778
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: online
Publisher: Wiley
Other_Citation_Details:
Davis, C.S., Strobeck, C. 1998. Isolation, variability, and cross-species amplification of polymorphic microsatellite loci in the family Mustelidae. Molecular Ecology 7(12):1776–1778 doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00515.x
Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00515.x
Type_of_Source_Media: publication
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 1998
Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Davis and Strobeck 1998
Source_Contribution:
Original source of microsatellite markers Gg-3-1, Gg-4, Gg-7-1, Ma-3-1, Tt-1, and Tt-4. Loci Gg-3-1, Gg-7-1, and Ma-3-1 primers were redesigned to reduce overall product size, improve product, and/or for integration into a multi-plex product for this release.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Duffy, A.J.
Originator: Landa, A.
Originator: O'Connell, M.
Originator: Stratton, C.
Originator: Wright, J.M.
Publication_Date: 1998
Title: Four polymorphic microsatellites in wolverine, Gulo gulo
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Animal Genetics
Issue_Identification: 29(1):63
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: online
Publisher: Wiley
Other_Citation_Details:
Duffy, A.J., Landa, A., O'Connell, M., Stratton, C., Wright, J.M. 1998. Four polymorphic microsatellites in wolverine, Gulo gulo, Animal Genetics 29(1):63 doi:10.1046/j.1365-2052.1998.00221.x
Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2052.1998.00221.x
Type_of_Source_Media: publication
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 1998
Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Duffy et al 1998
Source_Contribution:
Original source of microsatellite marker Ggu 216. Locus Ggu_216-1 forward primer was redesigned to reduce overall product size, improve product, and/or for integration into a multiplex product for this release.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Fleming, M.A.
Originator: Ostrander, E.A.
Originator: Cook, J.A.
Publication_Date: 1999
Title:
Microsatellite markers for American mink (Mustela vison) and ermine (Mustela erminea)
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Molecular Ecology
Issue_Identification: 8(8):1352-1354
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: online
Publisher: Wiley
Other_Citation_Details:
Fleming, M.A., Ostrander, E.A., Cook, J.A. 1999. Microsatellite markers for American mink (Mustela vison) and ermine (Mustela erminea). Molecular Ecology 8(8):1352–1355 doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.1999.00701_2.x
Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.1999.00701_2.x
Type_of_Source_Media: publication
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 1999
Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Fleming et al 1999
Source_Contribution: Original source of microsatellite marker Mvis075.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Dallas, J.F.
Originator: Piertney, S.B.
Publication_Date: 1998
Title: Microsatellite primers for the Eurasian otter
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Molecular Ecology
Issue_Identification: 7(9):1248-1251
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: online
Publisher: Wiley
Other_Citation_Details:
Dallas, J. F., Piertney, S.B. 1998. Microsatellite primers for the Eurasian otter. Molecular Ecology 7(9):1248–1251 doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00406.x
Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00406.x
Type_of_Source_Media: publication
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 1998
Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Dallas and Piertney 1998
Source_Contribution: Original source of microsatellite marker Lut604.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator:
Mammal Collection - Museum of Southwestern Biology, Albuquerque, New Mexico
Publication_Date: Unpublished material
Title: Wolverine Specimens
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: preserved physical samples
Type_of_Source_Media: tissue for genetic analyses
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Range_of_Dates/Times:
Beginning_Date: Unknown
Ending_Date: Unknown
Source_Currentness_Reference: observed
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Museum of Southwestern Biology
Source_Contribution: Source of preserved wolverine specimens used in the study.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: University of Alaska Museum of the North
Publication_Date: Unpublished material
Title: Wolverine specimens
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: preserved physical samples
Type_of_Source_Media: tissue for genetic analyses
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Range_of_Dates/Times:
Beginning_Date: Unknown
Ending_Date: Unknown
Source_Currentness_Reference: observed
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: University of Alaska Museum of the North
Source_Contribution: Source of preserved wolverine specimens used in the study.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Arctos
Publication_Date: Unknown
Title: Arctos - collaborative collection management solution
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: database
Online_Linkage: https://arctos.database.museum
Type_of_Source_Media: digital database file
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 2020
Source_Currentness_Reference: observed
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Arctos
Source_Contribution:
Database of museum collections; queried to identify appropriate wolverine specimens for this study.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Fleming, M.A.
Originator: Cook, J.A.
Publication_Date: 2002
Title:
Phylogeography of endemic ermine (Mustela erminea) in southeast Alaska
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Molecular Ecology
Issue_Identification: 11(4):795-807
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: online
Publisher: Wiley
Other_Citation_Details:
Fleming, M.A., Cook, J.A. 2002. Phylogeography of endemic ermine (Mustela erminea) in southeast Alaska. Molecular Ecology 11(4):795–807 doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01472.x
Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01472.x
Type_of_Source_Media: publication
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 2002
Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Fleming and Cook 2002
Source_Contribution: DNA extraction methods modified from Miller et al 1988
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Miller, S.A.
Originator: Dykes, D.D.
Originator: Polesky, H.F.
Publication_Date: 1988
Title:
A simple salting out procedure for extracting DNA from human nucleated cells
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Nucleic Acids Research
Issue_Identification: 16(3):1215
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: online
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Other_Citation_Details:
Miller, S.A., Dykes, D.D., Polesky, H.F. 1988. A simple salting out procedure for extracting DNA from human nucleated cells. Nucleic Acids Research 16(3):1215 doi:10.1093/nar/16.3.1215
Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/16.3.1215
Type_of_Source_Media: publication
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 1988
Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Miller et al 1988
Source_Contribution:
Original DNA extraction methods modified in Fleming and Cook 2002.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Krejsa, D.M.
Originator: Talbot, S.L.
Originator: Sage, G.K.
Originator: Sonsthagen, S.A.
Originator: Jung, T.S.
Originator: Magoun, A.J.
Originator: Cook, J.A.
Publication_Date: 2021
Title:
Dynamic landscapes in northwestern North America structured populations of wolverines (Gulo gulo)
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Journal of Mammalogy
Issue_Identification: 2021
Other_Citation_Details:
Krejsa, D.M., Talbot, S.L., Sage, G.K., Sonsthagen, S.A., Jung, T.S., Magoun, A.J., and Cook, J.A.. in prep. Dynamic landscapes in northwestern North America structured populations of wolverines (Gulo gulo). Journal of Mammalogy TBD doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyab045
Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyab045
Type_of_Source_Media: publication
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 2021
Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Krejsa et al 2021
Source_Contribution:
Primers for 8 loci were redesigned from their original sources to improve product and/or modify size of product to be included in multiplex PCRs.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Dalerum, F.
Originator: Loxterman, J.
Originator: Shults, B.
Originator: Kunkel, K.
Originator: Cook, J.A.
Publication_Date: 2007
Title:
Sex-specific dispersal patterns of wolverines: insights from microsatellite markers
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Journal of Mammalogy
Issue_Identification: 88(3):793-800
Other_Citation_Details:
Dalerum, F., Loxterman, J., Shults, B., Kunkel, K., Cook, J.A. 2007. Sex-specific dispersal patterns of wolverines: insights from microsatellite markers. Journal of Mammalogy 88(3):793–800 doi:10.1644/05-MAMM-A-427R1.1
Type_of_Source_Media: Digital and/or Hardcopy
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 2007
Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Dalerum et al 2007
Source_Contribution:
J. Loxterman provided four wolverine samples from Dalerum et al 2007 to be used as size standards for 10 loci: Gg10-1, Gg25, Gg37-2, Gg42-1, Gg192-1, Gg443, Gg452, Gg454, Gg465, and Gg471. This allowed results for these loci in this data release to be compared to individuals in Dalerum et al 2007.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: van Oosterhout, C.
Originator: Hutchinson, W.F.
Originator: Wills, D.P.M.
Originator: Shipley, P.
Publication_Date: 2004
Title:
MICRO-CHECKER: software for identifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Molecular Ecology Notes
Issue_Identification: 4(3):535-538
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: online
Publisher: Wiley Online Library
Other_Citation_Details:
van Oosterhout, C., Hutchinson, W.F., Wills, D.P.M., Shipley, P. 2004. MICRO-CHECKER: software for identifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data. Molecular Ecology Notes 4(3):535-538 doi:10.1111/j.1471-8286.2004.00684.x
Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2004.00684.x
Type_of_Source_Media: publication
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 2004
Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: van Oosterhout et al 2004
Source_Contribution:
Laboratory Technique Citation: describes tool used to identify potential scoring errors and null alleles of microsatellite loci.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Krejsa, D.
Publication_Date: 2017
Title:
Phylogeography and population dynamics of North American wolverines (Gulo gulo luscus) in Alaska and western Canada
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Masters Thesis
Other_Citation_Details:
Krejsa, D. 2017. Phylogeography and population dynamics of North American wolverines (Gulo gulo luscus) in Alaska and western Canada. Masters Thesis, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 121 pp.
Online_Linkage: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/biol_etds/213/
Type_of_Source_Media: Masters Thesis
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 2017
Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Krejsa 2017
Source_Contribution:
The primer pair, based on zinc-finger sequence/size differences between sexes was developed for wolverine (Gulo gulo; Krejsa 2017). One primer, LGL-335(R) was first published by Cathey et al. 1998. The other MustellaZF(F) - GMAATCATTCATGAATAT was developed from wolverine (Gulo gulo) sequence. Detailed methods are available in Krejsa 2017.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Cathey, J.C.
Originator: Bickham, J.W.
Originator: Patton, J.C.
Publication_Date: 1998
Title:
Introgressive Hybridization and Nonconcordant Evolutionary History of Maternal and Paternal Lineages in North American Deer
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: journal article
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Evolution
Issue_Identification: 52(4):1224-1229
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: online
Publisher: Wiley
Other_Citation_Details:
Cathey, J.C., Bickham, J.W., and Patton, J.C. 1998. Introgressive Hybridization and Nonconcordant Evolutionary History of Maternal and Paternal Lineages in North American Deer. Evolution 52(4):1224-1229 doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1998.tb01850.x
Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1998.tb01850.x
Type_of_Source_Media: publication
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 1998
Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Cathey et al 1998
Source_Contribution:
One of the zinc-finger primer pair used to determine the sex of the bears in this study was originally published as LGL-335(R) - AGACCTGATTCCAGACAGTACCA (Cathey et al. 1998).
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
Publication_Date: Unknown
Title: GenBank
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: database
Online_Linkage: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/
Type_of_Source_Media: digital database file
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 2020
Source_Currentness_Reference: observed
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: NCBI GenBank
Source_Contribution:
Sequence information from originally published microsatellite loci are publicly accessible in the NCBI Genbank database (accession numbers provided in this data package: "wolverine_geneticPrimers_northAmerica_talbot.csv") and was used to redesign some primers for this release.
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
Initial microsatellite sizes for 10 alleles (Gg-3-1, Gg-4, Gg7-1, Lut604, Ma-3-1, Tt-1, Mvis075, Ggu_216-1, Gg473, and Tt-4) were determined by scoring based on PCR product size relative to an M13 DNA sequence ladder using Gene Profiler 4.05 (Scanalytics, Inc., Fairfax, VA). Subsequent gels included these known size individuals from which relative sizes of unknown individuals were assigned using Gene Profiler 4.05. Allele scores reported for the other 10 (Gg10-1, Gg25, Gg37-2, Gg42-1, Gg192-1, Gg443, Gg452, Gg454, Gg465, and Gg471) have been calibrated to those reported in Dalerum et al 2007 through a coordinated inter-lab calibration effort in which 4 wolverines from Dalerum et al were used to establish allele sizes instead of the M13 sequence ladder as described for the other loci. For this reason, these microsatellite data cannot be combined with data generated outside the USGS Alaska Science Center without molecular size calibration between laboratories. Tests for null alleles and allelic dropout were implemented in MicroChecker (van Oosterhout et al 2004).
Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Dalerum et al 2007
Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: van Oosterhout et al 2004
Process_Date: Unknown